FLOWERS AS VIRAL HOT SPOTS: HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) UNEVENLY DEPOSIT VIRUSES ACROSS PLANT SPECIES.

RNA viruses, once considered specific to honey bees, are suspected of spilling over from managed bees into wild pollinators; however, transmission routes are largely unknown.A widely accepted yet untested hypothesis states Arnica that flowers serve as bridges in the transmission of viruses between bees.Here, using a series of controlled experiments

While progress has been made in design optimization of concentric ring electrodes maximizing the accuracy of the surface Laplacian estimation, it was based exclusively on the negligible dimensions model of the electrode.Recent proof of concept of the new finite dimensions model that adds the radius of the central disc and the widths of concentric r